• IONIC EXCHANGE RESINS

The ion exchange, occurs millions of times during the softening process. As this exchange takes place, the ions accu-

mulate in the resin bed. This layer expands in the same direction as the service flow. When it comes to the point where

the resin is no longer able to exchange ions it is considered exhausted and the water that flows around it remains hard.

• RESINS REGENERATION

regeneration must take place in order to restore the resins ion exchange capacity. For this reason, a saline solution

must be introduced into the salt tub of the softener. The saline solution must be composed of sodium and potassium

and must be salt in tablets. Calcium and magnesium ions and unnecessary saline are sent to the drain. The resin is

“rinsed” and regenerated to complete the process.

• IRON

The iron in the circuit can give rise to deposits and/or secondary corrosion. The iron dissolved in water originates from

corrosion and shows that the anti-corrosion protection of the water circuit is insufficient.

• MAGNETITE

Iron, if not protected, tends to oxidize in various forms including magnetite, an oxide usually protective and magnetic,

strongly bonded to iron surface. Due to changes in temperature and high temperatures, magnetite decomposes to

ferrous oxide powder in nature that often clogs the heat exchangers and pump bodies.

• MOLYBDENUM

Chemical element acting as basic active ingredient of the main chemical pre-conditioning agents in additives for hea-

ting systems.

• pH

expresses the degree of acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution, according to a scale ranging from 0 to 14. The pH

is one of the basic parameters for evaluating the corrosivity of water.

It is also a very important factor in the development and extent of phenomena such as fouling, corrosion and micro-

biological growth.

• POLYPHOSPHATES

Polyphosphates are also chemical conditioning agents used in the production of domestic hot water, and combine with

the hardness (without changing the value of water) and prevent the precipitation thus avoiding fouling, which lead to

loss of efficiency of heating systems and high energy consumption. They also explain the protective function on pipes

with an effective anti-corrosion action.

• ALKALINE RESERVE

expresses the amount of salts with alkaline properties dissolved in water. It could be defined simply as the opposite of

acidity. Actually, it is the water capacity to “resist” changes induced by external factors of its own pH. The unit of mea-

surement is expressed in ppm (parts per million). In the case of Antifreeze, an insufficient Alkaline reserve indicates

a poor protection against corrosion.

• TDS

Total Dissolved Solids or Fixed residue is a parameter used to classify mineral waters and drinking water in general.

expressed in mg/l, it indicates the amount of solid substances, perfectly dried, that remains after evaporation by hea-

ting in a capsule of platinum, calibrated beforehand, a known quantity of filtered water.

• FREEZING TEMPERATURE

expresses the temperature to which a solution can be subjected, before crystallization and consequent solidification.

• CST TESTER

Portable digital instrument for measuring Temperature, electrical Conductivity and Fixed residue.

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